Tuesday, November 19, 2013

DIGITAL BODY

Meaning 

Digital - (adj.) Describes any system based on discontinuous data or events. Computers are digital machines
because at their most basic level they can distinguish between just two values, 0 and 1, or off and on.
There is no simple way to represent all the values in between, such as 0.25. All data that a computer
processes must be encoded digitally, as a series of zeroes and ones.
The opposite of digital is analog. A typical analog device is a clock in which the hands move
continuously around the face. Such a clock is capable of indicating every possible time of day. In
contrast, a digital clock is capable of representing only a finite number of times (every tenth of a
second, for example).
In general, humans experience the world analogically. Vision, for example, is an analog experience
because we perceive infinitely smooth gradations of shapes and colors. Most analog events,
however, can be simulated digitally. Photographs in newspapers, for instance, consist of an array of
dots that are either black or white. From afar, the viewer does not see the dots (the digital form), but
only lines and shading, which appear to be continuous. Although digital representations are
approximations of analog events, they are useful because they are relatively easy to store and
manipulate electronically. The trick is in converting from analog to digital, and back again.

Body (metaphysics) - The definition of a body in terms of metaphysics is a puzzling endeavor. It is likely to connote the notion of some sort of inert physical matter subject to the whims of volition and in kind to physical law. This view is particularly widespread in philosophy when one is dealing with thinkers of the Enlightenment - most famously, Immanuel Kant. John Locke, for example, defines body simply as ".. something that is solid and extended, whose parts are separable and movable different ways." (Nidditch, 1975)
However, the issue becomes more complex than just that. This is illustrated by even the most cursory glance at the philosophical movement of Embodiment. Embodiment as referred to in this article, does not refer to the word as the school of analytic philosophy generally does, i.e., to deal with issues of Philosophy of Mind and artificial intelligence. Rather, Embodiment makes another use of the word which may be found within the school of phenomenology, and the category of Continental philosophy more generally. This usage arose and was dealt with by philosophers such as Edmund Husserl or, even earlier, by Hegel, and it seems to suggest that this body itself is precisely that which is doing the cognition of itself qua body, through self-consciousness.
The Oxford English Dictionary literally defines the prefix "meta-" as "'With sense ‘beyond, above, at a higher level,'" and the word 'physical' as "Of or pertaining to material nature, or to the phenomenal universe perceived by the senses; pertaining to or connected with matter; material; opposed to psychical, mental, spiritual." The traditional Enlightenment conception of the body is precisely merely physical rather than metaphysical. Given the questionable connotation of the 'physical' as something opposed to the mental, it is important to keep in mind that thinkers of the Enlightenment, such as Locke, can not quite give us a metaphysical definition that gets at the complexities involved in the meaning of such a term.
This trend of thought reflects a tendency of Embodiment thinkers to suggest a collapse of Cartesian Dualism into, rather than the traditional mind-body problem, the body-body problem. In phenomenology, the Cartesian problem evolves into a notion first espoused by Edmund Husserl of phenomenological epoché. We must theoretically recover from this if we are to act in the world. Notable Embodiment theorists such as Maurice Merleau-Ponty discuss the extent to which the Cartesian, or even Husserlian mind-body problem is usurped by the primacy of the body in its corporeality.
P. H. Nidditch (Ed.) (1975). John Locke: An Essay concerning Human Understanding. Chap. XIII Sect. 11. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Body (Physical Body) - In physics, a physical body or physical object (sometimes simply called a body or object) is a collection of matter with some common attributes, most important, the spatial location. Examples of models of physical bodies include, but are not limited to a particle, several interacting smaller bodies (particles or other), and continuous media.
The common conception of physical objects includes that they have extension in the physical world, although there do exist theories of quantum physics and cosmology which may challenge[how?] this. In modern physics, "extension" is understood in terms of the spacetime: roughly speaking, it means that for a given moment of time the body has some location in the space, although not necessarily a point. A physical body as a whole is assumed to have such quantitative properties as mass, momentum, electric charge, other conserving quantities, and possibly other quantities.

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